The Creation-Evolution Controversy
R. L. Wysong
Index
Abelson, P., 19, 101, 221, 229
Abiogenesis, 63, 218
Acetylcholine, 394
Acquired characteristics,265, 266
Adenosine triphosphate, 214
Adler, I., 202
Age (also see dating methods)
earth, 146, 151,161-163, 171-175
universe, 78, 142, 144, 145, 151, 169, 177, 178
man, 147, 148, 295-300
galaxy, 169-171
solar system, 171, 175
moon, 172, 177
Niagara Falls, 175
Agranoff, B., 104
Alanine, 69-72
Aldehydes, 213
Amino acids, 69-76, 81, 84, 87, 89-91, 101, 102, 113, 114, 125, 140, 192, 202, 203, 207, 215, 222-227, 395, 404, 406
Ammonia, 19, 20, 207, 221
Amariglio, H. and A., 71, 74
Amphibians, 302, 357, 383
Amatosaurus, 357
Anaximander, 44, 55
A nderson, J., 152
Anters, E., 150
Anthony, C., 198
Anthropomorphism, 399-402, 395-397
Antibiotics, 313, 314
Antibodies, 394
Antigens, 224
Appendix, human, 397
Aquinas, T., 63, 260
Archaeopteryx, 300, 301, 303, 356, 378
Arginine, 229
Argon-36, 172
Argumentum ad populum, 19, 29
Aristotle, 2, 180, 419
Ark, Noacian, 385
Arnold, C., 281
Arrhenius, 222
Arthropods, 370, 372
Artifacts, 370-373, 378, 381
Asimov, I., 239, 256, 259, 340
Aspartic acid, 227
Atmosphere
methane ammonia vs planetary outgassing, 19, 20, 207, 221
reducing, 210, 211, 216, 217, 220, 221
oxidizing, 178, 209-212, 216-218
ozone, 210, 212, 217, 388-391
canopy, (preflood)388-391
Atoms, 140, 253
Augustine, 63
Aulacantha, 395
Australopithecus , 300
Axelrod, D., 362, 370
Ayala, F., 272
Bacon, F., 27, 180
Bacteria, 217, 236, 311, 312, 319, 274, 286, 287
Bahnsen, G., 7
Baker, E., 282
Band, H., 324, 325
Barnes, T., 161
Barnett, L., 141, 242, 261
Bat, 172, 173, 288, 340, 341
Bee, 342
Beetle, 341
Behavior, human, 2, 4, 395-397
Bellware, F., 228
Bent, H., 253
Bernal, J. D., 46, 47, 122, 190, 206, 207, 214
Bathybius haeckelii, 417
Bible, 94, 385, 390
Biases, biochemical, 123-126
Biochemical predestination, theory of, 235
Biogenesis, law of, 180-189, 200, 286, 399, 401, 419, 420
Biomonomers, 201, 202
Biopoiesis (see spontaneous generation) 57, 62, 67, 73, 140, 141, 182-184, 209, 210, 214, 216, 219-238, 248, 254
Birds, 59, 282, 300, 301, 314, 315, 323, 343, 356, 378, 382, 391, 394, 401
Biston betularis (see peppered moth) 313, 315
Blood, 58, 394, 396
Blum, H., 73, 76, 120, 137, 197, 203, 206, 243, 245, 25 1, 403, 409
Bock, W., 400
Borel, E., 79, 118
Bounoure, 418
Brain, 99, 340
Breeding, 310, 312, 316-318
Bremermann, H., 99, 104, 112
Breneman, W., 400
Brinkman, R., 211
Bristlecone pine, 165
Brown, H., 350
Buchanan, 117
Burton, M. and R., 327
Butler, J., 96, 191
Butterfly, 341
Calcium, 394
Callender, H., 108
Calvin, M., 16, 101, 206, 207, 413, 415
Cambrian, 154, 174, 280, 362, 363, 369, 370, 378
Cannon, H., 278
Canopy theory, 388-392
Canyon, 172, 174
Capitalism, 8
Carbohydrates, 94
Carbonate, 394, 396
Carbon-14 (see dating methods) 149-152, 158, 159, 387
Caster, K., 349
Cat, 394
Catalysis, 140, 224, 227
Catastrophism, 156, 174, 321, 355-369
Catholic church, 10
Caullery, M., 276
Cause and effect, 142, 257, 263, 412
Cellulose, 86
Ceram, C., 298
Chance (see probability) 77, 78, 91-95, 100, 105, 121, 122, 137-140, 204, 218, 235, 237, 241, 266
Chariots of the Gods 14
Chemical evolution, 66, 67, 413
Chemical oceanography, 162
Chlorophyll, 395
Chromosomes, 96, 99, 266, 394, 395
Chronology (see time) 78, 151, 351
Clark, A., 284
Coacervates, 216, 224, 227, 228
Coal, 174, 356, 366, 370, 373
Coccygeal vertabrae, 398
Coelacanth, 288
Colbert, E., 363
Comet, 167, 168
Communism, 7, 8
Computer, 106, 107
Condensation, 202-206
Copernicus, 10, 180
Coppedge, J., 139
Core, E., 283
Corner, E., 281
Cosmic dust, 166-169, 171
Crater, 170, 171
Crayfish, 395
Creation, Biblical, 94
Creation creed, 57
Creation, sudden, 157, 158, 281, 397, 363
Crick, 99
Cro-Magnon man, 298
Crow, J., 269
Crusades, 10
Crustacean( s), 288, 292, 357, 388, 394
Cycad tree, 288
Cystine, 227
Cytochrome C, 395, 396
Danson, R., 402
Daphnia, 394
Darwin, C., 18, 24, 42, 55, 59, 100, 120, 122, 146, 265, 279, 284, 310, 355, 363
Darwin, E., 312
Dating assumptions, 147-152, 158, 350
Dating methods
potassium-argon 151, 154, 368
radiocarbon, 149-152, 158, 387
showing youth, 156-178
thorium-lead, 155
uranium-lead, 151, 154
Davidson, C., 211
Davis, D., 284
Davis, P,, 31, 45
Death, 149, 164, 191, 192, 246, 320
Debeer, G., 399
Decay, radioactive, 149-157, 177
Delevoryas, T., 281
Democritus, 180
Dendrochronology, 156, 164, 165
Descartes, Rene, 35, 37, 100, 425
DeVries, Hugo, 266
Dewar, D., 7, 283
Dewey, J., 2
Diabetes Mellitus, 86
Diastereoisomers, 70
Dicyanamide, 206, 207
Digestion, 339
Dinosaurs, 282, 357, 373-378, 380
Dipeptides, 140, 203
DNA, 65, 96-104, 109-117, 124-126, 131, 134, 142, 168, 188, 193, 195, 214, 236, 266, 302, 306, 394, 395, 398, 401-406, 411, 413, 419
DNA ligase, 236
DNA mutations, 306-309
DNA polymerase, 236
Dobzhansky, T., 23, 40-43, 62, 126, 250, 267, 269. 271, 272, 311, 337
Dodson, E., 282
Dogs, 59, 60, 312, 317, 318, 394
Dollo's Law of Evolution, 346
Donkey, 395
Drane, J., 2
Drosophila (see fruit fly)
persimilis, 60
equinoxialis, 60
pseudoobscura, 60
willistoni, 60
Dubus, Rene, 250
Dunbar, C. 351
Dunn, L., 40, 62
Earth
age of, 146, 151, 161-166, 171-175
cooling, 171, 172
heat death of, 242, 243, 255, 260
magnetic field of, 161
primordial, 123, 124, 138-140, 184, 202, 204, 206, 211- 216, 220, 223, 388
spin of, 164
subtropical, 388
Es cherichia coli, 81, 313
Eddington, A., 242, 250, 257
Eden, M., 107, 118
Education, suppression of creationists, 28, 411
Einstein, A., 239, 248, 418
Eisenberg, L., 2
Elasser, W., 352
Electricity, 152, 211
Elephant, 394
Embryology, 399-402
Empedocles, 44
Enantiomers, 69-76, 81, 101
Energy conservation of, 241
conversion of, 239, 245
creation of, 241, 263
entropy, 142, 241-247, 251-253, 256, 260
from sun, 215, 244, 245, 263
random effects, 102, 105, 111-113, 196, 259
Entropy, 142, 241-260
Enzymes (see protein enzyme) 140, 196, 197, 224
Epicurus, 44, 180
Erosion, 163, 174, 175, 365
Ethics, 2, 6
Evolution (see phylogeny)
creed, 57
definition, 55, 251, 312, 398
progressive, 315
sequence, 66, 100, 121, 124, 190, 191, 251, 333, 334
social, 3
Evolution Protest Movement of Britain, 338
Exobiology, 12
Expert testimony, involved, 19
Extrapolations, 403-408
Extraterrestrial life
estimated number of civilizations, 11
communication, 8, 11-16
Eye, 306-309, 340, 396
Fascism, 7
Fatty acids, 229
Faunas, 351, 363
Finches, 59, 315, 323
Fish, 282, 288, 292, 340, 357, 359, 391, 394, 395
Fixity, 57, 60-63, 309, 317-319, 323, 406, 417, 419
Fixity through time, 287-294
Fixity vs transformations, 264-311
Flood Biblical
account of, 385
dating of, 387
fossil order of, 383, 387
legends of, 383, 386
ozone canopy of, 391
preflood conditions, 383, 388-391
suffering, evidence of, 357
water canopy implications, 388-392
world wide, 158, 365, 383, 385-388
Flora, 275, 278, 279, 281, 351
Fossilization, 355-357, 361, 364, 368, 387
Fossil record, 64, 163, 174, 281-311, 321, 348-392, 402, 406 , 417, 419
Fossils
amphibians, 302, 357
artifacts, 370-373, 378,381
arthropods, 370, 372
bat, 288
birds, 282, 300, 301, 356, 378, 391
crustaceans, 292, 357, 388
dinosaurs, 357, 380
dinosaur prints, 373-378
fish, 282, 288, 292, 357, 359, 360, 391
graveyard, 302, 356-358, 361
horses, 282, 301, 304
human prints, 373, 375-379, 381
insects, 290, 360
invertebrates, 176, 282, 288, 289, 293, 294
anthanotus borneansis, 302
mammoths, 378, 391, 392
mastodons, 356, 382
man, 212, 295- 300, 373, 381, 382, 390
plants, 280, 281, 287, 288, 356, 365, 388
pollen, 370, 371
reptiles, 282, 289, 300, 302, 381, 383
ripple marks, 357, 360, 366
Seymouria, 302
trees, 288, 366-368
trilobites, 357, 378, 379, 388
vertebrates, 282, 301, 302
Fox model, 223-229
Fox, S., 117, 204, 206, 207, 223, 225-227, 230, 232, 235
Freud, 8
Frogs, 394, 395
Fruit flies, (see Drosophila)
Galaxy, age of, 169, 170, 171
Galileo, 10, 180
Gardner, E., 276
Gavaudan, P., 127
Genes, Genetics, 59, 60, 64, 96, 113, 141, 168, 246, 266, 269, 273, 285, 306, 309, 310, 324
Genetics, applied, 316-321
Genetic code, 267, 307, 401
Gentry, R., 153, 157
Geologic dating (see dating methods)
Geological formations, 166, 170, 172, 174-176, 348-388
George, T., 284, 302, 362
Ginkgo tree, 288
Gish, D., 199, 213
Glucose, 215
Glutamic acid, 227, 232
Glycine, 69, 81, 140, 214, 215
Gnoof-Xert controversy, 50-54
Goethe, 180
Golden Whistler Bird, 314, 315
Goldschmidt evolution, 267, 268
Goldschmidt, R., 23, 267
Goose, 394
Gould, S., 361
Grand Canyon, 173, 174
Gray, J., 254
Greek philosophy, 18
Green, E., 241
G retener, P., 361
Gyorgyi, A., 122
Haeckel, 399-402
Haldane, 117, 199, 200, 219
Half-life, 152, 153, 157, 161
Hall, M. and S., 18, 25
Hanawalt, P., 110
Hardy-Weinberg Law, 317
Harland, W., 363
Harvey, 180
Haupt, A., 311
Haynes, R., 110
Heart, 340
Heartworm cycle, 335
Heat death, 242, 243, 255, 260
Hegel, 180
Heidelberg man, 298, 417
Heisenburg Principle of Uncertainty, 126
Helium, 161, 163, 177
Hemoglobin, 87, 394-396
Hennepin, 175
Heraclitus, 2
Heredity, 99, 185, 266, 310
Heylam, E., 361, 388
Histamine, 394, 396
Hitler, A., 7
Hollingsworth, S., 356
Holy books (see Revelation, expectation of)
Hopkins, 197
Horses Equus nevadeusis, 301
Equus occidentalis, 301
Eohippus, 301, 302
variety of, 304
embryology of, 401
origin of, 282
Host, 328, 334, 335
Hoyle, F., 177, 240
Hughes, P., 420
Hull, D., 102, 140, 214, 215, 222
Human, birth of, 103
Hutchinson's Rules, 327
Huxley, J., 8, 11, 12, 22, 241, 250, 269, 272, 278, 308, 315, 316, 323, 346
Hybrid, hybridization, 316, 318
Hydrogen, 157, 177
Hydrogen cyanide, 206, 207
Hydrolysis, 202, 203
5-Hydroxytryptamine, 394
Information, 102-106, 109, 112, 113, 142, 222, 227, 253, 266, 411
Inquisition 10, 28
Insects, 60, 290, 321, 334, 336, 341, 342, 344, 360, 394, 401
Instinct, 338, 339, 343, 344,
Insulin, 86
Intelligence, intellectual force, 105-113, 124, 131-134, 142, 199, 208, 218, 231, 237, 258, 406, 412-414, 419
Interbreeding (see interfertilization)
Interdependence, 191, 198, 411
Interfertilization, 59-60,317
Interrelationship, 333, 337, 338
Iron, 211
Jarmo, city of, 151, 154
Jastrow, R., 146, 147
Jaws, 341
Jesus, 157
Joly, J., 153
Jueneman, F., 151, 152
Jungck, J., 251
Jury methodology, 48
Kaplan, R., 117, 122
Kay, G., 363
Keith, A., 7, 31, 399
Kellenberger, E., 318
Kelvin, Lord, 131, 146, 172, 260
Kenyon, D., 210, 235
Keosian, J., 121, 130, 137, 190, 203, 216, 230, 234, 404
Kerkut, G., 56, 154, 285
Kinds, biological, 58-60, 317, 319, 278, 304, 385
KNM-ER 1470, 298
Knopf, A., 353
Koch, Leo, 136
Kolm, 154
Kolthoff, N., 198
Kornberg, 184, 185
Kornberg experiment, 236
Kovarik, A., 153
Krynine, P., 361
Krypton, 172, 221
Lacey, J., 247
Lamarckism, 265, 398
Lammerts, W., 274
Lanthanotus borneansis, 302
Laymen, propriety of questioning, 17-29
Leach, J., 401
Leakey, R., 298
Leclerq, S., 370
Legumes, 394
Lewis, C., 44
Libby, W., 150, 159
Lichen, 337
Life-philosophy (see worldview)
Limonite, 378
Lindsay, R., 244
Linnaeus, 59, 318
Lipids, 94, 203
Lipmann, F., 44
Lloyd, F., 338
Lloyd's of London, 12
Longevity, 389-392
Lunar rocks, 154
Luther, 10
Lwoff, A., 281
Lyell, C., 18
Lyttleton, R., 175
MacMillan publishers, 28
Macroevolution, 57
Magnetic decay, 160
Magnetic field half-life, earth's, 161
Malaria, 273
Malthus, 147, 310
Mammoths, 378, 382, 391
Man, (see age of man) origin of, 147, 148, 282, 295-300
history of, 164, 390
characteristics of, 2, 4, 395-397
longevity of, 389-392
Marshall, A., 282
Marsh, F., 59, 60
Marsland, D., 281
Martin, C., 270
Marx, C., 8
Mass action, law of, 203-208, 217, 225
Mastodo ns, 356, 381
Mathews, D., 108, 315
Matter, origin of, 240, 241
Mayr, E., 315, 267
Mednikov, B., 191
Melanism, 316
Mendel, G., 185, 278
Metasequoia tree, 287
Metazoa, 281, 286, 363
Meteorites, 170, 171, 175
Methane, 221
Methodology, 30-54, 48, 68, 85
Mica, 153
Micrometeoroids, 171
Microspheres, 224-228
Microstoma, 336
Migration, 343
Miller, S., 211, 214, 220, 221, 222, 225, 226, 235
Mississippi Delta filling,
Mites, 282
Mold, 395, 396
Mollusks, 151, 287, 288
Moment, G., 400
Monkey, ape, 394, 401
Monnett, V., 350
Monophyletic origin, 58-60
Montagu, A., 271, 272
Moon age of, 172, 177
inert gases of, 172
money for exploration, 8
radiation of, 177
radioactive dust of, 175
Morality, relation to origins, 6, 326, 396
Mora, P., 25, 28, 43, 46, 108, 120, 124, 131, 193, 204, 230, 244
More, L., 31
Morgan, T., 274
Morowitz, H., 114, 242
Morphology, 59, 60, 134
Morse, S., 418
Moths peppered, 279, 313, 314, 315
yucca, 270
Motulsky, A., 6, 10
Muller, H., 269
Mullins, D., 247
Muscles coccygeus muscles, 397
levator ani, 397
Mussolini, 7
Mutations agents, 275-277
definition, 266, 269
DNA and, 306-309
mutants, 266, 269, 273, 274, 310, 311, 313, 314, 319, 324, 325, 390
rate, 273-275, 390, 391
Mycoplasma, 81
NASA, and exobiology, 12
Nationalism, and religion, 11
Naturalistic philosophy, 93, 240, 257, 261, 263, 408, 411
Natural selection, 60-62, 74, 100, 122, 127, 304, 312-326, 329-333, 385, 419
Nature, 416, 418, 419
Neanderthal man, 296
Nebraska man, 295, 296, 417
Neo-Darwinism, 126-128, 312, 323, 278
predictions of, 324-347
Neopili na, 287
Nervous system, 340
Neutrino, 151, 152
Newell, N., 285
Newman, J., 31
Newton, I., 180, 418
Niagara Falls, 175
Nietzsche, F., 7, 403
Nilsson, H., 270, 272, 283, 418
Nitrogen, 149, 150, 211, 213
Norman, J., 282
Nucleic acids, 94, 203
Nucleotides 96, 97, 101, 104, 115, 124, 192, 207, 213
Oceans dating, 162, 163, 166 primordial, 203, 204, 213, 214, 216, 229, 230, 256, 257
Oddity, 333
Oil beds, 159, 160, 174, 356,
Ommanney, F., 282
Ontogeny, 399-402
Oparin, A.I., 1, 44, 74, 99, 120, 139, 192, 209, 210, 216, 219, 222, 224, 228, 230, 232, 247
Oppenheimer, J., 400
Optical activity, 72-74, 87, 222
Organs, origin of, 278, 279, 321-323
Orgel, L., 6, 74, 122, 191
Orion nebula, 170
Overthrusts, 369, 371
Oxygen, 178, 209-212, 216-218
Ozone, 210, 212, 217, 388-391
Pachycephala pectoralis, 314, 315
Packard, 397
Paleontology, 31, 137
Panpolymerization, 232
Panspermia theory, 33
Pantin, C., 44, 344, 352
Paramecium, 395
Parasite, 328, 334, 335, 338
Pasteur, L., 180, 181, 182, 184, 146, 418
Pasteurella pestis, 394
Pattee, 193
Pauling, L., 121
Peppered moth, 313
Peptides, 140, 203
Peroxides, 211
PH, 340
Philosophy of life, 43-49, 131
Phi X 174 virus, 236
Phosphorous, 214, 394
Phosphorous pentoxide, 206, 207
Photosynthesis, 137, 211, 217, 245
Phylogeny
bats, 282, 288
birds, 282, 300
fishes, 282, 292
horses, 282, 301
human embryology, 399-402
insects, 282, 290
metazoa, 281
mites and ticks, 282
plants, 281, 283
platyhelminthes, 281
pterosaur, 282
rodents, 282
snakes, 282, 302
snails, clams and squids, 282
vertabrates, 282, 283
Pig, 396
Piltdown man, 296, 417
Pinna, G., 300
Pioneer 10
plaque, 12, 15
Pirie, N., 43, 421
Plague, 394, 396
Planets, 90
Plants, 165, 281, 283, 287, 288, 356, 357, 365, 366, 370, 385, 388, 390, 394, 395, 401
Plato, 180
Platyhelminthes, 281
Pleochroic halos, 153, 157
Polanyi, M., 131, 134
Pollen, fossilized, 370, 371
Pollution, 321
Polonium-214, 157
Polymers, polymerization, 122, 123, 124, 201, 202, 204-208, 216, 224
Polyps, 336
Polypeptides, 140, 202, 203, 206
Polyphyletic origin, 58-60
Polystrate trees, 366, 367, 368
Ponnamperuma, C., 214
Pope, C., 282
Popper, K., 27
Popularity, argument from, see argumentum ad populum) 20, 21
Popularity, creationism, 21
Population growth, 147, 169, 324, 325
Positions (naturalistic evolution vs supernatural creation) PPL0, 81
Potassium-argon dating (see dating methods) 151, 154, 368
Pre-Cambrian, 362-370
Price, C., 25, 366
Primitive conditions, 123, 124, 138, 139, 140, 184, 202-216
Probability coin flipping, 77-79
creationistic use, 411-421
DNA protein, 113-118
eye, 308
Hull's calculation, 215
law of, 79, 80
L-protein, 81-85
mathematics of, 77
reasoning on, 79-81
sequenced protein, 85-90
thermodynamics and, 243, 253, 254
time and, 138, 139
protein total, 90-93
Trop and Shaki calculation, 213
Propaganda, use by both sides, 21-24
Proteins (enzymes) 69-93, 113-117, 124, 126, 139, 140, 195, 196, 202-207, 215, 217, 223-227, 252, 404
Proteinoids, 125, 224-229
Proto, use assumes evolution, 8
Protozoa, 274, 286, 395, 400
Pterosaur, 282
Quantum mechanics, 131
Racemization, 71, 74
Racism and origins, 4, 8 , 11
Radiation, 73, 151, 152, 158, 169, 172, 175, 177, 211, 215, 216, 229, 273-276, 388-391
Radiation, cosmic, 149, 150, 152, 161, 169
Radioactive dating, (see dating methods)
Radiolysis, 73
Raven, C., 3
Redi, 180, 181, 185
Reductionism, 129-135, 239, 262, 263
Reed, C., 150
Religion, effect of. 10, 11, 409, 419, 420
Reproduction, 96,99, 126, 127, 131, 136, 138, 194, 198, 246, 269, 331
Reptiles, 401, 394, 282, 289, 300, 302, 395
Revelation, expectation of, 13-16
Rickover, H., 24
Rimmer, H., 296
Ripple marks, 357, 360, 366
Riser, W., 317
Rivers (San Juan) 174
RNA, 104, 113, 114, 193
Robson, G., 282
Rostand, J., 283
Rubey, W., 159
Rudwick, M., 363
Rusch, W., 373
Sagan, C., 12-15, 74, 104, 112, 117, 118, 138, 139, 214, 217, 226, 244, 267, 331, 393, 420
Saki, 80
Savage, J., 23
Schaffer, E., 32
Scheinfeld, A., 309
Schelling, 180
Schindewolf, O., 351
Schramm, G., 124, 193, 206, 207
Schrodinger, 197
Schutzenberger, M.P., 107
Schwartz, A., 214
Science, definition, 40, 256
Scientific method, 27, 41, 44, 48
Scopes trial, 295
Sea lilly, 288
Seals, 151
Sea Urchin, 282, 288
Second law of thermodynamics (see thermodynamics)
Sedimentary rocks catastrophic origin, 158, 174, 175, 355, 356, 361, 362, 365, 368
coal, 174, 356, 366, 370, 373
conglomerate, 158, 173-176, 355-357, 361-365, 381-392
fossils and, 176, 285, 348-392
intergradation, 281-285, 383
order of deposition, 348-358, 367
rate of, 163, 166, 173, 176
sandstone, 357
Serine, 227
Setti, L., 345
Seymouria, 302
Shaki, A., 213
Shark, 288, 357, 360
Sheep, 394
Sickle cell anemia, 87, 312, 273
Similarities chromosome and DNA, 395
contemporary organisms and fossils, 287, 288
to human structure, 394-396 man
and primate similarities, 395-397
Simpson, G., 6, 40, 45, 64,105, 130, 272, 273, 283, 284, 310, 364
Sinnott, 198
Situation ethics and evolution, 6
Slusher, H., 175
Smith, A., 228, 375
Smith, F., 313
Smith, H., 282
Smith, R., 327
Snakes, 282, 302
Social evolution, 7
Solar drag force, 171
Solar system, 168, 171
Solomon, E., 31, 45
Southwest Colorado man, 296
Spallanzani, 180, 181, 182
Spangler, G., 152
Spark discharge tube, 220, 222
Speciation, 315, 318
Species (see kinds)
Spencer, H., 55
Spieker, E., 354, 369
Spiders, 338, 341
Spontaneous generation (see also biopoiesis) 46, 100, 137, 140, 141, 180, 181, 184, 187, 200, 209, 215, 237, 259, 286
Spores, cosmic, 212
Squids, 282, 288
Stalagmite, 172
Stalagtite, 172
Starch, 86
Stars, 90, 156, 161
Starfish, 282, 287
Stefan's Law of Radiation, 172
Steinman, 210, 235
Stereoisomers (see enantiomers)
Stomach, 339
Stone Henge, 413
Stovrall, J., 350
Stratification, 348-388
Stress, 320-323
Suicide, 328, 329
Sun, 168, 171, 215, 244, 245, 263
Sunflower, 395, 396
Survival of the fit, 267, 269, 326-329, 332, 333
Swinton, W., 399
Systems, thermodynamic, closed, open, 243-253, 255-262
Szutka, A., 216
Taxonomy, 58-60
Tertiary structure, 87
Tetrapyrole ring, 395
Thales, 44, 180
Theism, 63, 64, 157
Theistic evolution, 63, 64
Thermodynamics definitions, 203, 215, 216, 239, 242, 248, 250, 419, 420
first law of, 239, 262, 263
second law of, 241-248, 250-263
Thompson, W., 6, 10, 26, 271, 283, 401
Thorium, 161, 177
T hreonine, 70, 227
Ticks, 282
Time (see dating methods)
Time and probability, 137-139, 321
Time, nature of, 141-144
Tinkle, W., 316
Tocquet, R., 102, 197, 257, 416
Tongue, 339, 344
Transformation, organism, 264-311, 405, 406, 417, 419
Transmutation, 56, 314-316, 319, 323
Tree ring dating (see dendrochronology)
Trees, Fossilized, 288, 366-368
Trilobites, 357, 378, 379, 388
Tripeptides, 203
Trop, M., 213
Tryptophan Synthetase A, 85, 86
Tuatara, 287
Turtle, 394, 395
Twenhofel, W., 353
2001--A Space Odyssey, 12
Ultraviolet light, 102, 152, 158, 168, 212-218, 221, 222
Uniformitarianism, uniformity, 162, 172, 178, 353, 355, 361, 362, 364, 365, 367, 369, 385, 405
Universe age, 78, 142, 144, 145, 151,169, 177, 178, 262, 263
decay of, 259, 261, 262
misc., 90, 91, 121, 142, 156, 157, 240, 255, 261, 262
size, 139
substance of, 239, 240, 243
Uranium, 153, 154, 161, 177
Uranium-lead dating (see dating methods), 151, 154
Urey, H., 19, 75, 136, 210, 211, 214, 220, 221, 226, 235
Vallentyne, J.j 226, 361
Vampyroteuthis, 288
Variation in organisms (see similarities) 278, 314-318
Velikovsky, 28
Venus Fl Trap, 339
Vestigial organs, 397-399
Villee, C., 313
Virchow, Rudolf, 180, 182
Virus, 66, 184, 185, 193-195, 236, 286
Volcanism, 166, 206, 207, 224, 225, 391
Von Braun, W., 418
Von Englen, O., 349
Von Fange, E., 381
Waddington, C., 110, 272, 306, 324, 399
Wald, G., 32, 71, 74, 81, 136-141, 416
Walker, W., 313
War, attitudes toward, 3, 4
Wasp, 334, 336
Water bug, 344
Watson, 99
Weidel, W., 194
Weismann, A., 265
Weisz, P., 146
White, E., 351
Whitelaw, R. , 159 , 387
Wigner, E., 131
World view, 2-7, 130, 257
Xenon, 221
X-Rays, 273, 390
Zucherman , S., 31
Zuckerkandl, E . 121
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